Producer Price Differentials are Positive! Why?

This post will examine the volatile changes in Producer Price Differentials (PPDs).  PPDs are intended to provide a level revenue for milk within a Federal Order so producers for all Classes of milk receive equal pay.  The volatility of the PPDs has been extreme. For much of 2020, the PPD was drastically negative, reducing payments for producer milk and increasing de-pooling.  They have now become positive.  Why did they change?  This post will build on the prior post which covered the price changes in commodities used to price producer milk.  The next post will take this subject one step further to track the impact on the Uniform (average) price for producer milk.

Producers in the Federal Orders paid on the Class and Component system are first paid for the components they deliver.  Later, the Uniform price for the Federal Order is calculated and the PPD is the difference between the first payment and the Uniform price.  As will be covered below, the PPD changes are closely related to the price of Class III skim milk used for cheese and Class IV skim milk used for nonfat dry milk (NDM).

This post will review the PPDs in four of the large Federal Orders, and then compare them to changes in Class III and Class IV skim milk prices.  In turn, the commodities that price Class III and Class IV skim milk, cheese and NDM, will be compared to the Class III and Class IV skim milk prices.  The linkage between the PPD changes and the price of cheese and NDM and is very tight.

THE  PPDs IN FOUR OF THE LARGE FEDERAL ORDERS

There are four charts below which show the PPD for 2019, 2020, and 2021 YTD in four of the largest Federal Orders.  All these charts have the same shape, but due to the mix of milk Classes they will vary in amount.  In 2020, there were major negative PPDs, with California having PPDs which reached close to a negative $10 per cwt.  While the PPDs have come back to positive numbers, they have not reached 2019 levels.

The Northeast Federal Order (Chart I) has a balanced mix of Classes of milk and minimal de-pooling. It typically has positive PPDs.  However, in 2020, the PPD fell to negative levels of more than $5 per cwt.

Chart I - PPDs for the Northeast Federal Order.

The Upper Midwest Order (Chart II) has a milk Class balance strongly skewed to Class III milk.  For that reason, the PPD is typically very small.  However, in 2020 they also experienced a strong negative PPD because the cheese price was very high and because much of the Class III milk was de-pooled.  In early 2021, the PPD remained negative initially, but has had some positive months in the third quarter.

Chart II - PPDs for the Midwest Federal Order

The Southwest Federal Order, which has become strongly oriented to Class III milk, has also experienced strongly negative PPDs in 2020.

Chart III - PPDs for the Southwest Federal Order.

California has a large volume of Class IV milk which drove PPDs very negative in 2020.  During 2020, almost all the Class III milk was de-pooled.  Low international prices for NDM kept the Class IV skim prices low.

Class IV - PPDs for the California Federal Order

CHANGES IN CLASS III AND CLASS IV PRICES

What has caused these huge fluctuations in PPDs?  The explanation is simple.  It is caused by the variation in Class III and Class IV skim milk prices.  Chart V shows the differential between Class IV and Class III skim milk prices.  This chart has a high correlation to the PPDs in Charts I through IV above.  The correlation can easily be seen by visually comparing the charts.

Chart V - Differential between Class III and Class IV milk prices

Charts VI and VII below show the movement of Class III and Class IV skim milk prices.  In 2020, Class III skim prices hit record highs while Class IV skim prices fell to extreme lows.  In 2021, Class III prices have stabilized, and Class IV prices have risen.

The low Class III skim prices in early 2019 allowed the PPDs to remain positive because the initial payment for components was less than the Uniform price.  The very high Class III skim prices in 2020 led to extremely negative PPDs.

Chart VI - Class III Skim Milk Prices

Class IV skim prices hit lows in 2020 but have continued to increase in 2021 allowing the PPDs to become marginally positive.  The Class IV skim price is now nearly double the 2020 low.  However, the Class IV skim price remains lower than Class III skim price.

Chart VII - Class IV Skim Milk Prices

CHANGES IN THE COMMODITIES USED TO PRICE MILK

Drilling down further, what makes the Class III and Class IV skim prices change?  Again, it is pretty simple.  

The AMS cheese price as discussed in the prior post is shown in Chart VIII.  Comparing the Class III skim price (Chart VI) above to the price of cheese (Chart VIII), it is obvious that the two are strongly correlated and that the cheese price drives the Class III price.

Chart VIII - Cheese Prices used to Calculate Class III Skim Prices

Chart IX below is the price of NDM.  Comparing it to Chart VII, the price of Class IV skim milk, the two look identical.  The price of NDM clearly drives the price of Class IV skim milk.

Chart IX - NDM Prices used to Calculate Class IV Skim Prices

So, the PPD is really driven by the comparative prices of cheese and NDM.  However, there is one very big difference in the factors used to price cheese and NDM.  Cheese pricing is driven by domestic events, like consumption, production, and inventories.  NDM pricing is primarily an export item and is driven by global events.  In a sense, NDM is a byproduct of butter production.  It has to be priced to sell and is subject to global competition, exchange rates, political issues, and other global factors.  

With the May 2019 formula change for Class I, NDM prices are nearly as important in pricing producer milk as the price of cheese.  The NDM price is used for Class II and Class IV skim milk and now shares the input for Class I pricing.

The next post will cover the Uniform price within the leading Federal Orders.  The Uniform price is what the producer really receives with a few adjustments.

As always, written comments are welcome and encouraged.  To reach the author by telephone, call 404-375-3510.